Fetal growth restriction and related placental pathologies such as preeclampsia, stillbirth,
and placental abruption are believed to arise in early pregnancy when inadequate
remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries leads to persistent high-resistance and low-flow
uteroplacental circulation. The consequent placental ischaemia, reperfusion injury, and
oxidative stress are associated with an imbalance in angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors.
Many interventions have centered on the prevention and/or treatment of preeclampsia with …